Saint Bernard: Breed Profile, Characteristics, and Care Guide

Saint Bernard dogs are among the world’s most recognizable and beloved breeds. These massive, fluffy, and friendly dogs have a long and fascinating history that spans centuries and continents. This article will explore this amazing breed’s origins, characteristics, and care.

History of the Saint Bernard Breed

The Saint Bernard is named after the Great Saint Bernard Pass, a treacherous route through the Alps between Switzerland and Italy. The pass was used by travelers, pilgrims, and Roman armies since ancient times, but it was also notorious for its harsh weather, avalanches, and bandits. A hospice was founded in the 11th century by Archdeacon Bernard de Menthon, who later became a saint to aid travelers.

The hospice was staffed by monks who also kept dogs to guard, patrol, and rescue travelers. The exact origin of these dogs is unclear, but they were probably descended from local mastiff-type dogs that were crossed with other breeds over time. The first written records of the dogs date back to the 17th century, and they were originally called Alpine Spaniels or Barry Dogs.

The dogs became famous for their heroic deeds of saving lives in the snow. Barry, one of the most legendary rescuers, reportedly saved over 40 people in his 12-year career. He even had a monument erected in his honor at a cemetery in Paris. The dogs were also known for carrying small barrels of brandy around their necks, which was supposed to warm up the victims. However, this myth was probably popularized by an 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer.

The Saint Bernard breed underwent some changes in the 19th century when some of the dogs were crossed with Newfoundlands to improve their coat and appearance. This resulted in two types of coats: smooth and rough. The smooth coat is short and dense, while the rough coat is longer and more profuse around the neck and legs. The coat colors are usually red with white markings or white with red markings, and some dogs have a black mask or black shading on their face and ears.

The Saint Bernard was recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885 as a member of the working group. Today, the breed is ranked 48th in the AKC breed popularity out of 197 breeds. Other major kennel clubs around the world also recognize the breed.

Characteristics of the Saint Bernard

The Saint Bernard is a giant breed that can weigh up to 180 pounds and stand up to 35 inches at the shoulder. The breed standard describes them as “very powerful, extraordinarily muscular, imposing.” They have huge heads with wrinkled brows, short muzzles, and dark eyes that give them an intelligent and friendly expression.

The Saint Bernard is known for its gentle temperament and devotion to its family. They are loyal, affectionate, and patient with children and other animals. They are also calm, easygoing, and eager to please their owners. However, they are not very active or energetic dogs and prefer relaxing indoors rather than running outdoors.

The Saint Bernard is not a suitable breed for everyone. They require a lot of space, food, grooming, and attention. They also drool a lot and can be messy around the house. They are prone to several health issues, such as hip dysplasia and elbow dysplasia.

Coat Types of Saint Bernards

Saint Bernards have two coat types: smooth and rough. Both coat types are thick and dense, and they shed heavily throughout the year. They also need daily brushing to remove loose hair and dirt, and monthly bathing to keep them clean and healthy. Here are some differences between the smooth and rough coat types of Saint Bernards:

Smooth Coat

The smooth coat is short and smooth, as the name suggests. It lies flat on the body and does not have any feathering on the legs or tail. The smooth coat is easier to groom and maintain than the rough coat, as it does not mat or tangle easily. However, it does not provide as much insulation or protection from the cold as the rough coat.

Rough Coat

The rough coat is longer and slightly wavy, especially around the neck, chest, legs, and tail. It has more feathering and fringes than the smooth coat, giving it a more fluffy and shaggy appearance. The rough coat is more difficult to groom and maintain than the smooth coat, as it can mat or tangle if not brushed regularly. It also requires more trimming around the eyes, ears, feet, and anus to keep it neat and clean. However, it provides more insulation and protection from the cold than the smooth coat.

Both coat types can be white with red or red with white markings. The markings can vary in size and shape, but they should be well-defined and symmetrical. Some dogs may have a black mask or black shading on their face and ears, which is acceptable but not preferred. The white markings should cover at least one-third of the body, and they should include a white blaze on the face, a white collar around the neck, a white chest, white feet, and a white tip on the tail.

Caring for a Saint Bernard

The Saint Bernard is a low-maintenance breed in terms of exercise, but a high-maintenance breed in terms of grooming, feeding, and health. If you want to own a Saint Bernard, you need to be prepared to dedicate time, money, and attention to your dog’s well-being.

Grooming

Saint Bernards come in two types of coats: smooth and rough. Both types shed heavily and need daily brushing to remove loose hair and dirt. You should also bathe your Saint Bernard once a month or as needed with a mild dog shampoo and conditioner. Make sure to rinse and dry your dog thoroughly, as any dampness or residue can cause skin problems.

You should also regularly check and clean your dog’s ears with a gentle ear cleaner and cotton balls. Saint Bernards have floppy ears that can trap moisture and dirt, leading to ear infections. You should also trim your dog’s nails every few weeks to prevent overgrowth and cracking. And don’t forget to brush your dog’s teeth at least twice a week with dog toothpaste.

One thing you should be aware of is that Saint Bernards drool a lot. This is due to their loose lips and jowls that produce saliva. You can’t stop your dog from drooling, but you can keep some towels handy to wipe your dog’s mouth and your furniture. You should also avoid giving your dog anything that can make it drool more, such as salty or spicy foods.

Feeding

Saint Bernards are giant dogs that need a lot of food to fuel their growth and metabolism. However, they are also prone to obesity and bloat, which are serious health issues that can shorten their lifespan. Therefore, you need to feed your Saint Bernard high-quality dog food that is appropriate for its age, size, and activity level. You should also avoid overfeeding or free-feeding your dog, as this can lead to overeating and weight gain.

You should feed your Saint Bernard two to three times a day, following the feeding guidelines on the dog food label or consulting with your veterinarian. You should also carefully measure your dog’s food portions and use a large, sturdy bowl elevated off the ground. This can help prevent your dog from eating too fast or swallowing air, which can cause bloat.

You should also provide your Saint Bernard with fresh water at all times, preferably in a large container that is also elevated off the ground. You should avoid giving your dog any human foods that are toxic or unhealthy for dogs, such as chocolate, grapes, onions, garlic, xylitol, alcohol, etc. You should also limit the number of treats you give your dog, as they can add extra calories and affect your dog’s appetite.

Exercise

Saint Bernards are not very active or energetic dogs. They prefer to relax indoors rather than run around outdoors. However, they still need some exercise every day to keep them healthy and happy. Exercise can also help prevent your dog’s boredom, restlessness, and destructive behavior.

You should aim for at least an hour of physical activity for your Saint Bernard every day. This can include walks, hikes, play sessions, or any other activities that your dog enjoys. However, you should avoid taking your Saint Bernard on long runs or overexerting it, as this can cause heat stroke and exhaustion. You should also avoid exercising your dog in hot or humid weather, as this can make breathing and cooling down difficult for your dog.

You should also provide your Saint Bernard with mental stimulation every day. This can include training sessions, puzzle toys, games, or any other activities that challenge your dog’s mind. Mental stimulation can help prevent boredom and anxiety.

Health

Saint Bernards are generally healthy dogs but prone to several health issues that can affect their quality and length of life. Some of these issues are inherited, while others are related to their size, coat, or environment. As a responsible owner, you should be aware of these potential problems and take preventive measures to keep your dog healthy.

Some of the common health issues that can affect Saint Bernards are:

• Hip dysplasia: This is a condition where the hip joint does not fit together properly, causing pain, inflammation, and arthritis. It can be diagnosed by X-rays and treated by medication, surgery, or weight management. You should only buy a Saint Bernard from a breeder who has certified the hips of the parents.

• Elbow dysplasia: This is a condition where the elbow joint does not fit together properly, causing pain, inflammation, and arthritis. It can be diagnosed by X-rays and treated by medication, surgery, or weight management. You should only buy a Saint Bernard from a breeder who has certified the elbows of the parents.

• Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD): This is a condition where the cartilage in the joints becomes damaged and causes pain and lameness. It can affect the shoulder, elbow, knee, or hock joints. It can be diagnosed by x-rays and treated by surgery or medication.

• Bloat: This is a life-threatening condition where the stomach fills up with gas and twists, cutting off blood circulation to the stomach and other organs. It can be caused by eating too fast, swallowing air, exercising after eating, or stress. It can be prevented by feeding smaller meals, using elevated bowls, avoiding exercise before and after eating, and reducing stress. It can be treated by emergency surgery if caught in time.

• Heart disease: This is a condition where the heart becomes enlarged or weak and cannot pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by genetic factors or environmental factors such as obesity or infection. Physical exams, blood tests, X-rays, or ultrasounds can diagnose it. It can be treated by medication, diet, exercise, or surgery.

• Eye disease: Saint Bernards can suffer from various eye problems such as entropion (inward rolling of the eyelids), ectropion (outward rolling of the eyelids), cherry eye (prolapse of the third eyelid gland), cataracts (clouding of the lens), glaucoma (increased pressure in the eye), or progressive retinal atrophy (degeneration of the retina). These conditions can cause irritation, infection, blindness, or pain. They can be diagnosed by an eye exam and treated by medication or surgery.

• Ear infections: Saint Bernards have floppy ears that can trap moisture and dirt, leading to ear infections. These infections can cause itching, redness, odor, discharge, or pain. They can be prevented by cleaning the ears regularly with a mild ear cleaner and cotton balls. They can be treated by medication or surgery if severe.

These are some of the most common health issues that can affect Saint Bernards, but they are not the only ones. You should always consult your veterinarian if you notice any signs of illness or injury in your dog. You should also keep up with regular check-ups and vaccinations to prevent diseases and parasites.

Interesting Facts About Saint Bernards

Saint Bernards are not only amazing dogs, but they also have some interesting facts and stories behind them. Here are some of the most fascinating facts about this breed:

• Saint Bernards are descendants of ancient molossers, which were large mastiff-like dogs that the Romans brought to Switzerland around 2000 years ago. They were crossed with local mountain dogs to create the Saint Bernard line.
• Saint Bernards are named after Saint Bernard de Menthon, who founded a hospice in the Swiss Alps in the 11th century. The hospice was a refuge for travelers crossing the dangerous Great Saint Bernard Pass, which was often covered by snow and avalanches. The monks at the hospice used the dogs to guard, patrol, and rescue the travelers.
• Saint Bernards have a legendary reputation as rescue dogs. They have saved thousands of lives in the Alps over the centuries, using their keen sense of smell and direction to locate buried or lost people. Barry, one of the most famous rescuers, saved over 40 people in his 12-year career. He even had a monument erected in his honor in Paris.
• Saint Bernards did not always have barrels of brandy around their necks. This is a myth that was popularized by an 1820 painting by Edwin Landseer called “Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveler”. The painting shows two Saint Bernards, one with a barrel around its neck, standing over a man in the snow. The idea was that the brandy would warm up the victim, but in reality, it would have been harmful and dangerous.
• Saint Bernards come in two types of coats: smooth and rough. The smooth coat is short and dense, while the rough coat is longer and more profuse around the neck and legs. Both types shed heavily and need daily brushing. The coat colors are usually red with white markings or white with red markings, and some dogs have a black mask or black shading on their face and ears.
• Saint Bernards are gentle giants. They are loyal, affectionate, and patient with children and other animals. They are also calm, easygoing, and eager to please their owners. However, they are not very active or energetic dogs and prefer relaxing indoors rather than running outdoors.
• Saint Bernards are prone to several health issues that can affect their quality and length of life. Some of these issues are inherited, while others are related to their size, coat, or environment. Some of the common health issues that can affect Saint Bernards are hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, bloat, heart disease, eye disease, and ear infections.
• Saint Bernards are not suitable for small spaces or hot climates. They need a lot of space, food, grooming, and attention. They also drool a lot and can be messy around the house. They do not tolerate heat well and can suffer from heat stroke and exhaustion. They do best in cold weather and need shelter from extreme temperatures.
• Saint Bernards are popular in pop culture. They have been featured in movies such as “Beethoven,” “Cujo,” and “Peter Pan.” They have also appeared in books such as “The Call of the Wild” by Jack London and “The Hound of the Baskervilles” by Arthur Conan Doyle. They have also been depicted in paintings by famous artists such as Landseer, Goya, and Renoir.
• Saint Bernards are considered the national dog of Switzerland. They were recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885 as a working group member. Today, they are ranked 48th in AKC breed popularity ranking out of 197 breeds. Other major kennel clubs around the world also recognize the breed.

Common Mixes of Saint Bernards

Saint Bernards are often mixed with other breeds to create unique and adorable crossbreeds. Some of these mixes may inherit the size, coat, and personality of the Saint Bernard, while the other parent breed may influence others. Here are some of the most common mixes of Saint Bernards:

• Labernard: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Labrador Retriever, one of the most popular family dogs in the world. The Labernard can be a friendly, loyal, and affectionate dog that loves to be around people. They can also be playful and energetic, but not overly so. They may weigh anywhere from 50 to 180 pounds, depending on which parent they take after more. They usually have a short to medium-length coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings like the Saint Bernard.

• Bernewfie: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Newfoundland, another giant and fluffy dog that originated from Canada. The Bernewfie can be a gentle, calm, and protective dog that enjoys being with its family. They can also be a bit stubborn and independent but not aggressive. They can weigh up to 180 pounds and have a long and dense coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings, like the Saint Bernard.

• Saint Berdoodle: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Poodle, one of the world’s most intelligent and versatile dogs. The Saint Berdoodle can be a smart, friendly, and fun-loving dog that likes to please its owners. They can also be hypoallergenic and low-shedding, thanks to their Poodle genes. They can weigh anywhere from 50 to 180 pounds and have a curly or wavy coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings, like the Saint Bernard.

• Saint Berhusky: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Siberian Husky, a beautiful and athletic dog that originated from Russia. The Saint Berhusky can be a loyal, adventurous, and spirited dog that loves to explore and play. They can also be independent and vocal but not aggressive. They can weigh anywhere from 50 to 180 pounds and have a thick and fluffy coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings, like the Saint Bernard.

• Saint Bermastiff: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Mastiff, one of history’s oldest and largest dog breeds. The Saint Bermastiff can be a powerful, courageous, and devoted dog that will protect its family at all costs. They can also be gentle, affectionate, and calm but not lazy. They can weigh up to 200 pounds and have a short and smooth coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings, like the Saint Bernard.

• Saintweiler: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Rottweiler, a strong and confident dog that originated from Germany. The Saintweiler can be a loyal, protective, and obedient dog that will follow its owner’s commands. They can also be friendly, playful, and gentle, but not overly so. They can weigh anywhere from 50 to 180 pounds and have a short and dense coat that can be of various colors, including black and tan or black and mahogany.

• Saint Bullnard: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Pitbull, a muscular and energetic dog that originated from America. The Saint Bullnard can be a loving, loyal, and lively dog that enjoys being with its family. They can also be courageous, alert, and tenacious but not aggressive. They can weigh anywhere from 50 to 180 pounds and have a short and smooth coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings, like the Saint Bernard.

• Golden Saint: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Golden Retriever, one of the world’s most popular and friendly dogs. The Golden Saint can be a sweet, cheerful, and sociable dog that loves to meet new people and animals. They can also be intelligent, obedient, and eager to please their owners. They can weigh anywhere from 50 to 180 pounds and have a medium to long coat that can be of various colors, including golden or cream.

• Saint Pyrenees: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Great Pyrenees, a majestic and fluffy dog that originated from France. The Saint Pyrenees can be loyal, calm, and gentle dogs that will watch over their family and territory. They can also be independent, stubborn, and reserved but not aggressive. They can weigh up to 180 pounds and have a long, thick coat that can be white or white with markings of various colors.

• Saint Dane: This mix combines the Saint Bernard with the Great Dane, one of the world’s tallest and most elegant dogs. The Saint Dane can be a graceful, affectionate, and noble dog that will impress everyone with its size and appearance. They can also be playful, friendly, and loyal, but not overly so. They can weigh up to 200 pounds and have a short and sleek coat that can be of various colors, including white with red or red with white markings, like the Saint Bernard.

Where to Buy a Saint Bernard

If you are interested in buying a Saint Bernard puppy, you need to do some research and planning before you make your decision. Saint Bernards are not cheap dogs; they require a lot of care and commitment from their owners. You also need to make sure you buy from a reputable breeder or a rescue organization that can provide you with a healthy and well-socialized puppy.

Price

The average price of a Saint Bernard puppy from a trusted and ethical breeder is between $1,000 and $2,000. However, the price can vary depending on the breeder’s quality, pedigree, and location. If the puppy has champions in its bloodline, it can cost as much as $3,000 to $4,000. You should be wary of breeders offering puppies for less than $500, as they may sell unhealthy or poorly bred dogs.

Breeders

The best way to find a reputable breeder is to do your homework and ask for referrals from trusted sources. You can start by visiting the websites of national breed clubs such as the Saint Bernard Club of America or the American Kennel Club. These organizations can provide you with information about breed standards, health tests, and breeder directories.

You can also contact local breed clubs or attend dog shows or events where you can meet breeders and their dogs in person. You can ask them questions about their breeding practices, health guarantees, contracts, and references. You should also visit their facilities and see how they raise and care for their dogs and puppies.

Rescue

Another option to buy a Saint Bernard is to adopt one from a rescue organization or a shelter. Many Saint Bernards need loving homes for various reasons, such as abandonment, abuse, neglect, or owner surrender. Adopting a rescue dog can save a life and give a second chance to a dog that deserves it.

There are many benefits of adopting a rescue dog. You can often find an adult dog that is already trained, spayed or neutered, vaccinated, and microchipped. You can also get to know the dog’s personality and temperament before you take it home. You can also save money on the adoption fee, which is usually around $500 or less.

However, there are also some challenges of adopting a rescue dog. You may not know the dog’s history or background, which can affect its behavior or health. You may also need to deal with issues like separation anxiety.

Conclusion

The Saint Bernard is a wonderful breed with much to offer its owners. They are loyal, affectionate, gentle, and protective dogs that love being around people. They are also calm and easygoing dogs that don’t need a lot of exercise. However, they are also high-maintenance dogs that require a lot of grooming, feeding, and health care. They also drool a lot and shed heavily. They are not suitable for small spaces or hot climates.

If you are looking for a giant, fluffy, and friendly dog to be your best friend and companion, the Saint Bernard might be the perfect breed. However, you should also be prepared to dedicate time, money, and attention to your dog’s well-being. You should also make sure to socialize and train your dog from an early age to ensure a happy and harmonious relationship.

The Saint Bernard is a legendary hero of the Swiss Alps that has captured the hearts of many people around the world. They are amazing dogs that deserve amazing owners who can provide them with the love and care they need. If you are ready to welcome a Saint Bernard into your life, you can look for reputable breeders or rescue groups to help you find your new furry friend.

More Dog Breeds

If you’re interested in learning about similar dog breeds, check out:

• Bernese Mountain Dog
• Caucasian Ovcharka
• Tibetan Mastiff

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